Die Entwicklung von Bewegungsleistung der Volleybalispieler ohne Ball

Volleyball is a game that is played on a rather small court, demanding a considerable speed level of the top players. The speed in volleyball becomes apparent mostly in the performance of the technical-tactical elements and specific movements aiming at attacking quickly and efficiently (especially in a combination and feint attacks) or at covering optimally the largest possible part of the court in defense actions (block or field defense). By suggesting a number of exercises, the authors wish to draw attention to the development of the specific speed of volleyball players without the ball as well as to the specification and regularity of the technique of movements around the volleyball court (“backing off” the block to defense, defenders moving from Tempo 1 to Tempo 2 defense, “backing off” the net and run-up fora spike, etc.). A certain number of exercises suggest a different approach to the development of the specific speed in volleyball players (exercises stressing the “step hop” movements and “foot fire” exercises) and can by all means be considered a novelty in volleyball training. They are the result of empirical knowledge exclusively.Der Volleyball ist ein Mannschaftsballspiel, auf einem relativ kleinen Spielfeld gespielt, wobei von den Leistungssportler ein beneidenswertes Höchstmaß an Schnellbewegungen erwartet wird. Die Schnellbewegungen im Volleyball zeigen sich bei der Durchführung von technisch-taktischen Elementen und spezifischen Bewegungsarten aus, -wodurch beabsichtigt wird, den Angriff möglichst schnell und effektvoll zu machen (besonders im kombinatorischen und fintierten Angriff) oder optimal einen größeren Spielfeld beim Gegenangriff zu verteidigen (Blockade oder Feldverteidigung). Durch die vorgeschlagenen Übungen soll die Aufmerksamkeit auf spezifische Schnellbewegungen der Volleyballspieler ohne den Ball gelenkt werden wie auch auf die richtige Bewegungstechnik auf dem Spielfeld (Übergang von Blockade auf Feldverteidigung, Übergang von Feldverteidigung im Tempo I. zum Tempo IL, Übergang vom Netz und Aufschwung zum Schmetterschlag, u.a.)

Die Entwicklung von Bewegungsleistung der Volleybalispieler ohne Ball

Volleyball is a game that is played on a rather small court, demanding a considerable speed level of the top players. The speed in volleyball becomes apparent mostly in the performance of the technical-tactical elements and specific movements aiming at attacking quickly and efficiently (especially in a combination and feint attacks) or at covering optimally the largest possible part of the court in defense actions (block or field defense). By suggesting a number of exercises, the authors wish to draw attention to the development of the specific speed of volleyball players without the ball as well as to the specification and regularity of the technique of movements around the volleyball court (“backing off” the block to defense, defenders moving from Tempo 1 to Tempo 2 defense, “backing off” the net and run-up fora spike, etc.). A certain number of exercises suggest a different approach to the development of the specific speed in volleyball players (exercises stressing the “step hop” movements and “foot fire” exercises) and can by all means be considered a novelty in volleyball training. They are the result of empirical knowledge exclusively.Der Volleyball ist ein Mannschaftsballspiel, auf einem relativ kleinen Spielfeld gespielt, wobei von den Leistungssportler ein beneidenswertes Höchstmaß an Schnellbewegungen erwartet wird. Die Schnellbewegungen im Volleyball zeigen sich bei der Durchführung von technisch-taktischen Elementen und spezifischen Bewegungsarten aus, -wodurch beabsichtigt wird, den Angriff möglichst schnell und effektvoll zu machen (besonders im kombinatorischen und fintierten Angriff) oder optimal einen größeren Spielfeld beim Gegenangriff zu verteidigen (Blockade oder Feldverteidigung). Durch die vorgeschlagenen Übungen soll die Aufmerksamkeit auf spezifische Schnellbewegungen der Volleyballspieler ohne den Ball gelenkt werden wie auch auf die richtige Bewegungstechnik auf dem Spielfeld (Übergang von Blockade auf Feldverteidigung, Übergang von Feldverteidigung im Tempo I. zum Tempo IL, Übergang vom Netz und Aufschwung zum Schmetterschlag, u.a.)

Diskriminanzanalyse der von einer Mannschaft gewonnenen und verlorenen Sätze in der italienischen a1 volleyball-liga - eine Fallstudie

Chain of factors determines success or failure in any sport match, but the measurable part of it is related to the indicators of efficient performance of technical-tactical elements or game phases during the matches. The sample consisting of 76 sets, obtained from 20 matches played by one team in Italian men\u27s A1 league, was used in this study to determine, on the basis of five play-specific situational parameters, the differences between the sets won and the sets lost. A discriminant analysis was used. The canonical discriminant function significantly differentiated between the sets won and the sets lost, at the level of significance p<0.00. The discriminant function was defined by the highest projection of the variable spike in the phase of attack, and by somewhat lower projections of the variables spike in the phase of counterattack, serve reception, block and serve.Uvod Promatranje i analiza odbojkaške igre najčešće se zasnivaju na procjenjivanju parametara situacijske učinkovitost dobivenih iz odbojkaškog zapisnika, stenograma utakmice, video zapisa ili računalnih programa. U odbojci su statistički podaci dobiveni na utakmicama vrhunskih ekipa često nedostupni i nepotpuni, pa se na njima ne mogu primjenjivati postupci inferencijalne statistike. Na sreću, danas u Europi mnoge reprezentacije koriste unificirani računalni program (Datavolley), pa tako i specijaliste-statističare za praćenje odbojkaške igre. Materijal i metode Uzorak entiteta činilo je 76 setova dobivenih u 20 utakmica talijanske A1 lige u sezoni 1999./2000. god. koje je odigrala momčad Zetaline (Padova) s ekipama: Brescial-Montichiari, Modena, Sisley-Treviso, Cosmogas-Forli, Del Monte-Ferrara, Maxicono-Parma, Piaggio-Roma, Tnt Alpitour-Cuneo, Lube-Macerata, Iveco-Palermo i Vallever-Ravenna. Podaci su prikupljeni specijaliziranim računalnim sustavom bilježenja sadržanim u programskoj podršci Datavolley Rel. 5.0 tvrtke DATAPROJECT. Na ordinalnoj skali od pet stupnjeva ocjenjivala se učinkovitost izvedbe situacijskih elemenata igre, odnosno odbojkaških faza: 1. SERVIS, 2. PRIJEM SERVISA, 3. SMEČ IZ NAPADA, 4. BLOK i 5. SMEČ IZ KONTRANAPADA. Prva dva stupnja označavaju negativnu realizaciju, npr. grešku i akciju koja donosi prednost protivniku, treći stupanj na skali označava izvođenje nakon kojeg se akcija nastavlja bez prednosti i za jednu ekipu, dok posljednja dva stupnja označavaju da je izvedba donijela prednost ili bod. Kriterijsku varijablu čini binarno definiran rezultat svakog pojedinog seta na utakmici (pobjeda ili poraz za momčad Zetaline). Ulazni podaci su frekvencije odbojkaških faza, a nakon što je svaka izvedba procijenjena na skali od pet stupnjeva, frekvencije su uvrštene u formulu. Takvim načinom računanja dobivamo numeričke vrijednosti na ordinalnoj skali za svaku od pet faza igre koje možemo koristiti kao podatke za statističku obradu. Rezultati i rasprava Iz podataka dobivenih deskriptivnom statistikom (tablica 1, dijagram 1) vidljivo je da su značajnije razlike po kriteriju dobivenih i izgubljenih setova postignute u varijablama SMEČ U FAZI NAPADA (3,99 dobiveni naspram 3,66 izgubljeni setovi), SMEČ U FAZI KONTRANAPADA (3,92 dobiveni prema 3,57 izgubljeni setovi) te u varijabli BLOK (2,84 dobiveni prema 2,56 izgubljeni setovi), najvjerojatnije zbog toga što se tim elementima igre osvaja najveći broj poena u setu. U tablici 2 prikazani su rezultati svojstvene vrijednosti, kanoničke korelacije, hi-kvadrat testa, broj stupnjeva slobode i razina značajnosti diskriminacijske funkcije. Iz dobivenih vrijednosti možemo ustvrditi da diskriminacijska funkcija značajno razlikuje dobivene od izgubljenih setova na razini značajnosti od 0.00 (p<0.00), uz relativno visoku kanoničku korelaciju (.58). Tablica 3 prikazuje korelacije varijabli s diskriminacijskom funkcijom i položaj centroida dobivenih i izgubljenih setova na diskriminacijskoj funkciji. Na negativnom polu diskriminacijske funkcije nalaze se izgubljeni, a na pozitivnom polu dobiveni setovi. Struktura diskriminacijske funkcije je bipolarna. Pozitivni pol definiraju sve varijable, dok se na negativnom polu nije smjestila nijedna varijabla. Najvećom projekcijom diskriminacijsku funkciju definira varijabla SMEČ U FAZI NAPADA (SMNAP), nešto nižom projekcijom varijable SMEČ U FAZI KONTRANAPADA (SMKNAP) i PRIJEM SERVISA (PRIJEM), dok najmanjim projekcijama funkciju definiraju BLOK i SERVIS. Slično je dobio i Marelić (1998). U ovom se istraživanju varijabla SMEČ U FAZI NAPADA (.71) pokazala kao najsnažnija prediktorska varijabla. Objašnjenje za tako veliku prediktivnost nalazimo u tome da se smeč u procesu napada većinom izvodi nakon idealnog prijema servisa nakon kojega je dizač u mogućnosti organizirati brz i kombinacijski napad koji otežava anticipaciju protivničke obrane, a time i pravovremeno formiranje protivničkog bloka. Ovome u prilog ide i činjenica da se u novom sustavu igre (RPS - rally point system) uspješnom realizacijom smeča u napadu osvaja bod, za razliku od starog sustava gdje se nakon smeča u napadu osvajala samo promjena servisa. SMEČ U FAZI KONTRANAPADA (.37) ima nešto manju vrijednost, vjerojatno zato što se, novim pravilima, skratilo vrijeme igre za poen. Razlog možda leži i u izuzetno opasnom skok servisu koji ima dva cilja: osvojiti poen ili otežati prijem servisa tako da se dvojnim ili trojnim blokom osvoji poen. Tek ako se servisom i blokom poen ne osvoji, a obrana polja «uhvati» protivnički napad, organizira se smeč za kontranapad. Nešto nižu statistički značajnu vrijednost ima varijabla PRIJEM (.33). Važnost prijema servisa među trenerima nije upitna, čak je težnja za što boljim odgovorom na opasne servise rezultirala time da je u pravila uveden novi igrač – specijalist samo za prijem servisa i smeča (libero). Varijable SERVIS (.25) i BLOK (.28) također su se pokazale statistički značajnima i prediktivnima. U setu se servisom u prosjeku postiže 1-2 poena, ali je uloga servisa poput uloge bijelih figura u šahu - njegovim «otvaranjem» diktiramo daljnji tijek igre. Ne samo da osvajanje poena servisom ima značajnu ulogu u stvaranju rezultata, već jednako tako i greška servisa. Prihvatljiv broj grešaka servisa kod uspješnih odbojkaških ekipa iznosi oko 3,5 poena po jednom setu (Marelić, 1998). To znači da na utakmici od pet setova ekipe prosječno smiju pogriješiti i u 15-ak servisa, a da još uvijek mogu ostvariti pobjedu. Blokom se prosječno postiže nešto više poena po setu nego servisom (oko 3-4), ali je uvođenje libera (precizniji prijem servisa i bolja organizacija napada) rezultiralo time da blokeri moraju često individualnim blokom parirati protivničkim smečerima, što smanjuje uspješnost bloka. Tablica 4 prikazuje rezultate klasificiranja dobivenih i izgubljenih setova momčadi Zetaline na temelju diskriminacijske funkcije. Od 50 izgubljenih setova, 38 je dobro klasificirano (82,61), dok je od 26 dobivenih setova, 18 dobro klasificirano (60). Zaključak Rezultati kanoničke diskriminacijske funkcija pokazuju značajne razlike između dobivenih i izgubljenih setova na razini značajnosti od p<0.00 uz kanoničku korelaciju (.58), te možemo ustvrditi da prediktorske varijable (servis, prijem, blok, smeč u procesu napada i smeč u procesu kontranapada) statistički značajno razlikuju dobivene od izgubljenih odbojkaških setova. Pozitivni pol definiraju sve varijable. Najvećom projekcijom diskriminacijsku funkciju definira varijabla smeč u procesu napada, nešto nižim projekcijama varijable smeč u procesu kontranapada i prijem servisa te najnižim projekcijama varijable blok i servis.Die Gründe eines erfolgreichen oder erfolglosen Spielresultats sind in einer Reihe von Faktoren zu suchen, aber der meßbare Teil ist mit einem Indikator der situationsbezogenen Effizienz der technischen Elemente, der Elemente der Taktik oder der Spielphasen im Laufe des Spiels verbunden. 76 von einer Mannschaft gespielten Sätzen aus 20 Volleyballspiele der italienischen A1 Liga für Männer wurden analysiert, um aufgrund von fünf situationsbezogenen spielspezifischen Parametern die Unterschiede festzustellen, zwischen den gewonnennen und verlorenen Sätzen. Um diese Unterschiede zu bestimmen wurde die Diskriminanzanalyse angewandt. Die kanonische Diskriminanzfunktion machte einen wesentlichen Unterschied zwischen den gewonnennen und verlorenen Sätzen; das Signifikanzniveau war p<0,00. Die Diskriminanzfunktion wurde mit der höchsten Projektion definiert durch die Variable Schmetterschlag in der Angriffsphase und mit etwas niedrigerer Projektion der folgenden Variablen: Schmetterschlag in der Gegenangriffsphase, Aufgabeannahme, Block und Aufgabe

Zapis o zemlji iz 1001 dana

Prikaz knjige Sveina Monneslanda (2001.) 1001 dan, Bosna i Hercegovina slikom i riječju kroz stoljeća. Oslo: Sypress Forlag, 344. str

Lantentnaja struktura tehniko-taktičeskih elementov v volejbole

Glavne komponene matrice interkorelacije tehničko-taktičkih elemenata bile su interpretirane kao opća efikasnost u igri, efikasnost izvođenja elemenata u zadnjoj liniji i tok igre u kontranapadu. Rezultati analize latentne strukture tehničko-taktičkih elemenata u odbojci pokazali su da je skupina ortogonalnih dimenzija smisleno opisala struktura igre u odbojci.The sample for this study involved four best Yugoslav volleyball teams that had that had taken part in the tournament of the Yugoslav Cup (1981). The registration of basic data of closed system of volleyball matches was taken with the aim to check the dimensionality and structure of elements in the game of volleyball. The procedure was done with the help of system of assessments for each element of the game on the scale of 3 or 4. The method of component analysis of the intercorrelation matrix of elements was applied. In this was major components were obtained, significant according to the GK criterion, that sensibly describe the structure of volleyball game. The first major component, interpreted as general efficiency and the second major component, interpreted as lifting efficiency explain the greatest part of variability of elements that directly have an effect on the success of the game as whole. However, the third major component, explained as progress of the game in counter-attack, although more poorly defined and the fourth major component explained as progress of the game in counter-attack. although more poorly defined and interpretable (probably due to poorer technics in the rear and during the counter - attack of Yugoslav teams) correspond with the development tendencies in world volleyball and therefore confirm their existence in the structure of volleyball

Die Strukturanalyse der spielelemente im Volleyball aufgrund einiger anthropologischen Eigenschaften

The importance of the morphological features and motor, functional and specific cognitive abilities as regards successful performance of six elements of the volleyball game (SERVE, SERVE RECEIVING, SETTING, SPIKE, BLOCK and COURT DEFENSE) was assessed by 9 volleyball experts. Three groups were established by using hierarchical cluster analysis according to the playing distance from the net. Block and spike elements belong to group A hence this group is named ’playing above the net’; the serve receiving, setting and defense elements make group B, so it is named ’playing in one’s half of the court’; the serve makes group C. Based on the arithmetic means of the judges’ rating it might be concluded that group A is characterized by a very high level of explosive power, longitudinal dimensionality of the skeleton and coordination, and in general a higher level of power and endurance than in the other groups. Group B is characterized by a very high level of accuracy and coordination. The characteristic of this group is a very high level of anticipation, speed of reaction, agility, a highly developed sense of distance and flexibility. Group C is characterized by a very high level of accuracy and a highly developed sense of distance and explosive power though not so high as in the other groups.Die Bedeutung der morphologischen Eigenschaften sowie der motorischen, funktionellen und_ spezifischen kognitiven Fähigkeiten für die erfolgreiche Ausführung von 6 Segmenten, bzw. Spielelementen im Volleyball (Aufgabe, Aufgabenannahme, Stellen, Schmetterschlag, Block und Feldverteidigung) wurden von 9 Volleyballexperten bewertet. Mittels der hierarchischen Clusteranalyse der Spielelemente wurden drei Gruppen ermittelt, die durch den Abstand des Ausführungsplatzes vom Netz definiert wurden. Die Gruppe A umfasst den Block und den Schmetterschlag und wird "Spielen oberhalb des Netzes" genannt; die Gruppe B schließt den Aufgabenannahme, das Stellen und das Verteidigungsspiel ein und wird "Spielen im eigenen Feld" genannt und in der Gruppe C ist Aufgabe. Aufgrund der arithmetischen Mitte der Schiedsrichtersnoten für die einzelnen Gruppen, kann beschlossen werden, da die Gruppe A durch ein hohes Explosivkraftsgrad, die longitudinale Skelettdimension und Koordination sowie im allgemeinen durch mehr Kraft und Aushaltung als die anderen Gruppen charakterisiert ist. Ein hohes Niveau der Präzision und Koordination kennzeichnet die Gruppe B, für die auch ein sehr hohes Antizipationsgrad sowie die Reaktionsschnelligkeit, Gewandtheit, das Spielraumgefühl und die Flexibilität spezifisch sind. Die Eigenschaften der Gruppe C sind ein sehr hohes Präzisionsgrad und ein hohes (obwohl nicht so hoch als in den anderen Gruppen) Grad des Spielraumgefühls und der Explosivkraft

Mogućnosti primene hedžing strategija na inostranim robnim berzama

The aim of the paper is to determine the possibilities of implementing hedging strategies of Serbian agricultural producers on foreign commodity exchanges. Considerable fluctuations in prices of agricultural products in Serbia create the need for the use of futures in commodity exchanges in order to protect against unfavourable change in prices of agricultural products in the future period. Due to the fact that Serbia has not established the trading in commodity derivatives, Serbian producers are having to use developed commodity exchanges abroad. The paper analyses the possibilities of using the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in the USA and the MATIF commodity exchange in Paris, looking at two aspects of the activities. First, the correlation of corn prices on domestic and foreign commodity exchanges was investigated, given that it is the basic prerequisite for the application of successful hedging strategies and, secondly, legal requirements, primarily tax policies related to trade of futures contracts. This paper has found that there is a high correlation between the crops price in the foreign commodity markets and spot market in Serbia, which provides a solid basis for the implementation of hedging strategies for underlying assets in foreign commodity markets. However, it has been found that inadequate taxation policy is an aggravating factor for the implementation of hedging strategies.Cilj rada je utvrđivanje mogućnosti za primenu hedžing strategija srpskih poljoprivrednih proizvođača na inostranim robnim berzama. Visoka fluktacija cena poljoprivrednih proizvoda u Srbiji uslovljava potrebu za korišćenjem terminskih robnih berzi, u cilju zaštite od nepovoljnog kretanja cena poljoprivrednih proizvoda u budućem periodu. S obzirom na to da u Srbiji nije uspostavljeno terminsko trgovanje robnim derivatima, srpski proizvođači su upućeni na korišćenje razvijenih robnih berzi u inostranstvu. U radu su analizirane mogućnosti korišćenja Čikaške robne berze u SAD i MATIF robne berze u Parizu. Izvršena je analiza sa dva aspekta: prvi, korelisanost cena kukuruza sa domaće berze i inostranih berzi, s obzirom na to da je ona osnovni preduslov za primenu uspešnih hedžing strategija i drugi, zakonski uslovi, prevashodno poreske politike u vezi sa trgovinom terminskim ugovorima. U radu je utvrđen visok stepen povezanosti cena žitarica na inostranim robnim berzama i spot tržištu u Srbiji, što daje dobru osnovu za primenu hedžing strategija na ovu baznu aktivu na inostranim robnim berzama. Ipak, neadekvatni poreski propisi otežavaju primenu ovih strategija

Lantentnaja struktura tehniko-taktičeskih elementov v volejbole

Glavne komponene matrice interkorelacije tehničko-taktičkih elemenata bile su interpretirane kao opća efikasnost u igri, efikasnost izvođenja elemenata u zadnjoj liniji i tok igre u kontranapadu. Rezultati analize latentne strukture tehničko-taktičkih elemenata u odbojci pokazali su da je skupina ortogonalnih dimenzija smisleno opisala struktura igre u odbojci.The sample for this study involved four best Yugoslav volleyball teams that had that had taken part in the tournament of the Yugoslav Cup (1981). The registration of basic data of closed system of volleyball matches was taken with the aim to check the dimensionality and structure of elements in the game of volleyball. The procedure was done with the help of system of assessments for each element of the game on the scale of 3 or 4. The method of component analysis of the intercorrelation matrix of elements was applied. In this was major components were obtained, significant according to the GK criterion, that sensibly describe the structure of volleyball game. The first major component, interpreted as general efficiency and the second major component, interpreted as lifting efficiency explain the greatest part of variability of elements that directly have an effect on the success of the game as whole. However, the third major component, explained as progress of the game in counter-attack, although more poorly defined and the fourth major component explained as progress of the game in counter-attack. although more poorly defined and interpretable (probably due to poorer technics in the rear and during the counter - attack of Yugoslav teams) correspond with the development tendencies in world volleyball and therefore confirm their existence in the structure of volleyball

Multicomponent Modelling Kinetics and Simultaneous Thermal Analysis of Apricot Kernel Shell Pyrolysis

Apricot kernel shells are naturally available source of biomass with potential for conversion to clean energy through a thermo-chemical process such as pyrolysis. To facilitate further process development, an advanced mathematical model which represents the process kinetics is developed and validated on the thermal decomposition studies using simultaneous thermal analysis, over a temperature range of 30-900 degrees C, at four heating rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 degrees C min(-1), under argon atmosphere. Model-free analysis and numerically developed methods were utilized for determination of effective activation energies, pre-exponential factors and the fractional contribution. A novel approach is introduced in order to determine actual pseudo-components of studied biomass that are included in its composition. The comparative study of the obtained kinetic results was also presented. The results obtained strongly indicated that the pseudo-component reaction modelling method could be employed to predict the experimental devolatilization rate and biomass composition with a high likelihood of success

Perceptions of private security : a case study of students from Serbia and North Macedonia

In the last two decades of the 21st century, the significant development of the private security industry has taken place in Serbia and North Macedonia. However, the private security industry in these two countries did not reach professional standards as in other states of the former Yugoslavia. The aim of this paper was to determine students’ perception of private security and its employees. The survey data were collected using an anonymous survey of 354 students (296 from Serbia and 58 from North Macedonia). In both countries the attitudes are heterogeneous, but a relatively small number of respondents have expressed a high level of perception of private security. The research has shown that gender, as one of demographic characteristics, has its role in shaping young pexople’s views on the private security, that is, the female population has more positive views about private security officers, their integrity, and the nature of the private security job. The findings offer policy-makers and private security companies the opportunity to deploy new strategies to upgrade public attitudes towards private security, especially aimed at the male population